Does bit-chewing promote gut motility?

 Giving horses a bit to chew may provide a simple and inexpensive way of promoting gut motility in horses with ileus, according to a recent study.

Ileus is a disorder where the normal rhythmic contractions that move food and waste through the intestines are disrupted, without an identifiable physical obstruction. It is a potentially life-threatening problem for horses and may be seen especially after abdominal surgery. 

 

Studies in human patients with ileus, have shown that sham feeding, such as giving the patient gum to chew, may improve clinical signs and promote gastrointestinal motility. 

 

Bit chewing, a form of sham feeding adapted for horses, has shown positive effects by reducing gastrointestinal total transit time (TTT). However, previous research has mainly focused on the large intestine; the impact of bit chewing on the small intestine relatively unexplored.

 

In a prospective crossover study, Molly Patton and colleagues compared gastrointestinal motility in horses under both bit-chewing conditions and control conditions (with no bit chewing)

 

Reporting the work in the journal Animals, they write: “Our objective in this study was to investigate whether bit chewing could effectively reduce gastric emptying time (GET), small intestinal transit time (SITT), and total orocecal transit time (OCTT) in clinically normal horses.” 

 

Nine healthy horses participated in the study. The researchers evaluated gastrointestinal motility using a dual approach: employing self-contained videoendoscopy capsules known as ALICAM® and monitoring acetaminophen absorption. ALICAM® capsules, designed for single-use, captured video images stored in their onboard memory as they traversed the digestive tract. These capsules, accompanied by acetaminophen, were introduced into the stomach using a naso-gastric tube.

 

To carry out the study, the horses were randomly divided into two groups: one group with a bit and the other without a bit. This allocation was reversed a month later, ensuring each horse served as its own control.

 

Acetaminophen serum samples were used as a marker to gauge gastric emptying time (GET). Additionally, ALICAM capsules helped in determining not only GET but also small intestinal transit time (SITT) and overall orocecal transit time (OCTT).

 

The research findings indicate a significant reduction in orocecal transit time following bit chewing, without any observed adverse effects.

 

“The findings from our study not only revealed no adverse effects associated with bit chewing but also demonstrated a significant reduction in OCTT following this activity.”

 

They conclude: “This suggests that bit chewing could provide a safe, cost-effective, and efficient treatment to enhance small intestinal motility in horses. These results hold promising implications for improving the management and treatment of ileus in equine patients, potentially leading to better outcomes and enhanced overall well-being for these animals.”

 

For more details, see:

 

"Effects of Bit Chewing on Gastric Emptying, Small Intestinal Transit, and Orocecal Transit Times in Clinically Normal Horses" 

Molly E. Patton, Frank M. Andrews, Sophie H. Bogers, David Wong, Harold C. McKenzie, III, Stephen R. Werre, and Christopher R. Byron. 

Animals (2023) 13, no. 15: 2518. 

https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152518

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Are horses stressed when first bitted?

Many working horses exhibit expressions of mouth discomfort such as opening the mouth, grinding their teeth or crossing the jaw when a bit is used. These behaviours could indicate pain, or poor training.

Most performance horses are ‘bitted’, so the process of introducing the bit forms a key part of the foundation training for many horses. Investigating how to optimise this introduction could lead to benefits in performance and, in some instances, improvements in welfare.

New research has found that introducing the bit to a young horse for the first time can be a stressful process for them, although the horse may not show visible stress-related behaviours.

A student dissertation project from Nicole Bradley at the Bishop Burton College in East Yorkshire, UK, led by Caroline Benoist, PhD, set out to assess the stress response of previously unbitted young horses to traditional bitting techniques.  Researcher Rebecca Brassington presented their findings at the 14^th annual conference of the International Society for Equitation Science.

Eleven horses – seven geldings and four mares (average age 3.5 years) - were introduced to the bit using a traditional method, over three consecutive days.

The noseband and reins were removed from the bridles, leaving the bit attached to the head piece via the cheek pieces. The bits used were a mixture of single- and double-jointed loose ring snaffles.

In all cases the handler stood facing forwards on the horses’ left side and presented the bit, then placed their thumb in the left corner of the horse’s mouth to cause the mouth to open so the bit could be introduced. All horses remained tied up using a headcollar and lead rope over the bridle for the first minute after bitting. They were then let loose in their stable for five minutes.

The research team used several methods to assess each horse’s stress levels. An infrared thermographic camera was used to measure the temperature of each horse’s left eye. (Increases in eye temperature can indicate stress.) Thermographic images were taken immediately before bitting to establish the horse’s baseline, and then at 0, 1 and 5 minutes post-bitting.

The horses’ behaviour was observed and assessed for the first minute after bitting and their stress responses were graded on a 1-5 scale. Behaviours were assessed ranging from 1 (very relaxed: jaw and lower lip relaxed, no bit or mouth movement, soft/slightly closed eyes) to 5 (very anxious: mouth open for extended periods, opening/closing repetitively, teeth grinding, eye whites visible).

Heart rate values were also recorded using a heart rate monitor before, during and after the bitting process.

The researchers report that heart rates showed a significant increase between the baseline and all other timepoints on Days 1, 2 and 3.

However, no significant change was recorded in either eye temperature or observed behaviour after bitting over the three days. Neither were any differences identified between the two different bits.

The increase in heart rate during bitting significantly decreased over the three days as did the increase immediately after bitting. The horses showed less heart rate fluctuation on day 3 compared to day 1. Rebecca Brassington commented: “Collectively this provides indication of some habituation to the introduction of the bit during this short process.”

The heart rate changes showed that the introduction of a bit elicited a physiological stress response. However, the horses showed little indication in their observed behaviour that this was the case.

“No significant differences were recorded in the behaviour grade scale applied to the horses during 1 minute post-bitting despite the increased heart rate,” Brassington added, “indicating a variety of behaviours may be expressed with some individuals masking a stress response.

The researchers conclude that introducing the bit to a young horse can be stressfu, but they warn that relying just on the visible behaviour of the horse during the procedure may not give a true representation of the stress they are actually experiencing.

Horses do appear to become accustomed to the process when it is performed regularly, however the length of time needed for them to completely accept the bit is not yet known.

For more details, see:

Quantifying the stress response of horses bitted for the first time.

N.Bradley, R. Brassington, T. Bye and C. Benoist

Proceedings 14^th Conference International Society for Equitation Science. P28